what activities are found in a global city? all of the above

^ 'GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020'.The following cities were included in the 2018 edition, but not in the 2020 edition: Alpha level cities are classified into four sections: Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha, and Alpha − cities.Īlpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with the global economy: Alpha Īlpha level cities are linked to major economic states/regions and highly integrated into the world economy. ( 1) or ( 1) indicates a city moved one category up or down since the 2018 classification.

enabling corporate globalization).' The cities in the 2020 classification are as follows. The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (i.e. the input is 175 x 707 = 123,725 pieces of information). The classification 'results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services across 707 cities worldwide (i.e. are no longer classified as sufficient level. For example, some cities that were selected prior to 2018, such as the United States cities of Greensboro and Providence. The list has been prone to change in the ranks. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and additional cities with High sufficiency or Sufficiency presence. The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. Beyond the categories of 'Alpha' world cities (with four sub-categories), 'Beta' world cities (three sub-categories), and 'Gamma' world cities (three sub-categories), the GaWC cities include additional cities at 'High sufficiency' and 'Sufficiency' level. The GaWC inventory ranks city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of world cities, then ranks these based on their connectivity through four 'advanced producer services': accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law. Smith, they create the GaWC's biennial categorization of world cities into 'Alpha', 'Beta' and 'Gamma' tiers, based upon their international connectedness.

Together with Jon Beaverstock and Richard G. It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leicestershire, United Kingdom. The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC) is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization.

What activities are found in a global city? all of the above